Big Idea:
Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain homeostasis.
Enduring Understanding:
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.
2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.
2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions.
3.D.2: Cell communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
4.A.1: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
Required Reading:
Campbell: Chapter 6, 7, 35(Supplement), 40 (Supplement), Chapter 12
ARTICLES/CASE STUDY:
The Birth Of Complex Cells
The Evolution of the Cells-Endosymbiosis
Learning Objectives:By the end of this unit, you should be able to....
1. |
Describe the relative sizes of different cells (see Figure 6.2) and determine what instrument/method would be best to study at the different level. (Ch 6.1) |
2. |
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Ch 6.2) |
3. |
Use surface area to volume ratio models to explain patterns of cell size and shape. (Ch 6.2) |
4. |
Explain how the compartmental organization of a eukaryotic cell contributes to its biochemical functioning. (Ch 6.2) |
5. |
Describe the relationship between the nucleus and ribosomes. (Ch 6.3) |
6. |
Describe the key role played by transport vesicles in the endomembrane system. (Ch 6.4) |
7. |
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the mitochondria and chloroplast. (Ch 6.5) |
8. |
Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts using the endosymbiont theory. (Ch 6.5) |
9. |
Describe the structure and function of cytoskeleton and its components. (Ch 6.6) |
10. |
Compare and contrast cell walls with extra cellular matrix (Ch 6.7) |
11. |
Predict what would happen if cell walls or extra cellular matrix were impermeable on cell function. (Ch 6.7) |
12. |
Explain why the structure of phospholipids supports its function in being a cellular membrane. (Ch 7.1) |
13. |
Predict the effect of membrane fluidity if the following conditions are changed: (1) decreased temperature (2) phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon chains (3) cholesterol level increases. (Ch 7.1) |
14. |
Describe the roles of the integral and peripheral proteins. (Ch 7.1) |
15. |
Look at Figure 7.10, explain the function of membrane proteins. (Ch 7.1) |
16. |
Explain the importance of transport proteins and how aquaporins affect the permeability of a membrane. (Ch 7.2) |
17. |
Explain how each of the following molecules move across the membrane: carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, hydrogen ion, water. (Ch 7.2) |
18. |
Predict what will happen to a cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions and explain it in terms of osmosis and tonicity. (Ch 7.3) |
19. |
Compare and contrast the effect of tonicity on animal vs. plant cells. (Ch 7.3) |
20. |
Use a venn diagram to compare and contrast between diffusion and facilitated diffusion. (Ch 7.3) |
21. |
Describe the fundamental differences in active vs. passive transport and the importance of both types of transport in cellular function. (Ch 7.4) |
22. |
Explain and give examples of how electrogenic pumps contribute to electrochemical gradients. (Ch 7.4) |
23. |
Explain why cotransport is considered active transport if ATP is not directly involved. (Ch 7.4) |
24. |
Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis and give examples of each. (Ch 7.5) |
25. |
Compare and contrast somatic and gamete cells in terms of number of chromosome and the process of formation. (Ch 12.1) |
26. | Explain the three key subphases of interphase and outline the goals for each phase. (Ch 12.2) |
27. | Outline the stages of mitosis. For each stage, describe the roles of the key organelles and enzyme for aiding the process. (Ch 12.2) |
28. | Compare and contrast the difference of mitosis between animal and plant cells. (Ch 12.2) |
29. | Outline the stages of mitosis. For each stages, describe the roles of the key organelles and enzyme for aiding the process. (Ch 12.2) |
30. | Explain how cell cycle is controlled and monitored. (Ch 12.3) |
Vocabulary
Below is a list of vocabularyterms used in this unit. By the end of the unit, you will be able to write a working definition of each term and correctly use each term.
cell fractionation | plasma membrane | prokaryotic cells |
eukaryotic cells | nucleus | ribosomes |
endoplasmic reticulum | golgi apparatus | lysosome |
vacuole | mitochondria | chloroplast |
peroxisome | endosymbiont theory | cytoskeleton |
microtubules | cilia | flagella |
microfilament | cytoplasmic streaming | intermediate filaments |
cell wall | extracellular matrix | plasmodesmata |
tight junctions | desmosomes | gap junctions |
fluid mosaic model | amphipathic | phospholipid |
integral proteins | peripheral proteins | glycoproteins |
selective permeability | transport proteins | aquaporins |
diffusion | concentration gradient | osmosis |
hypertonic | hypotonic | isotonic |
osmoregulation | passive transport |
facilitated diffusion |
ion channels | gate channels | active transport |
sodium potassium pump | electrochemical gradient | electrogenic pumps |
proton pumps | cotransport | exocytosis |
endocytosis | phagocytosis | pinocytosis |
receptor-mediated endocytosis | cell cycle | mitosis |
chromosomes | chromatin | somatic |
gamete | centromere | cytokinesis |
centrosome | aster | kinetochore |
metaphase plate | cleavage furrow | cell plate |
binary fission | origin of replication | cyclins |
Cdks | MPF | density-dependent inhibition |
anchorage dependence | transformed | benign tumor |
malignant | mestastasize |
Worksheets/Labs/Handouts:
Extra Worksheets/Notes from past years/review/challenge materials:
Supplement Material/Websites: